Your Financial Plan: Getting Started on a Secure Future
Financial security derives not only from acquiring more money but from planning. A solid financial plan can alleviate financial worries about the future and ensure that you will meet your financial goals–whether they relate to retirement, asset acquisition, education, or just vacations.
Tip: Review your financial plan every year to keep it up to date. If you set it up properly initially, it is relatively easy to review and keep current.
This Financial Guide allows you to take the first step towards a solid plan. By following the instructions and guidelines contained in it, you can find out where you are now and how you can put your plan into action.
There are many ways to approach setting up a financial plan. The one outlined in this guide is just one of a number of approaches. Your financial advisor can assist you in setting up the financial plan that best meets your particular situation and needs.
Identify Your Goals
Spend some time thinking and talking with family members about what you would like to achieve financially. What would make you and them happy? What would be fulfilling? Would you like to start your own business? Retire early? Acquire a vacation home? Pursue a hobby? Travel?
Perhaps you’d like to change careers, and you’ll need money to finance an education in a different field. Or perhaps you’d like to have a large amount of money to give to your favorite charity. Once you’ve got some idea of what you’d like to accomplish, fill out a Goals Worksheet.
The “Goals” section should state what you’d like to accomplish. Be as specific as possible, e.g., instead of writing “Acquire a bigger home,” write “Acquire a home with at least 12 rooms in Anytown.”
The “Amount” needed should be an estimate of the amount of money you’ll need. For instance, to retire early, you might estimate that you’ll need a $400,000 nest egg by the time you reach age 50, or to buy a vacation home, you might estimate that you’ll need a $50,000 down payment.
The “Target Date” section should include the approximate year or, in the case of short-term goals such as a vacation in the current year, the month in which you would like to achieve your goal.
Determine Your Net Worth
Your financial plan should include an inventory of the existing financial resources you’ll be using to achieve the goals you decided on above.
Fill out a personal statement of net worth. This will enable you to estimate the value of everything you own, minus the value of your debts. When asked for a value, use what the property would fetch if you sold it today at its market value.
It may take some time to do this, but the effort will be worth it. This is the foundation for your financial plan.
This statement should be reviewed to determine which assets are available to achieve the goals you listed above. If most of your net worth is tied up in your home and personal use assets (such as furniture and cars), you may not be able to achieve your goals. Which assets are available to invest towards your goals? Are they sufficient? If not, you may need to liquidate other assets or start a savings plan out of your cash flow to come up with the necessary funds.
Determine Your Cash Flow
Once you’ve completed the net worth statement, fill in a cash flow statement. This will give you an estimate of what you earn per year – your salary, investment income, and retirement income and what your current expenses are. To fill out this form, it will help to have on hand your check register and one year’s worth of credit card receipts.
Here’s why the cash flow statement is so important: once you know how much is coming in and how much of it is going out in the form of expenses, you can start to make adjustments in your discretionary expenses in order to meet your saving and investment goals.
Note: Omit one-time, non-recurring items as they should not be used for budgeting or future planning.
How much cash flow is available to accumulate assets for the goals identified above? Is it sufficient in combination with your available assets from your net worth statement? If not, you need to examine the above expenses in detail and cut back on those which are discretionary until sufficient cash flow is identified.
Plan To Achieve Your Goals
Now that you know what your goals are and have an idea of your financial resources, it’s time to begin making a plan.
Financial Safety Net
Determine the funds you’ll need in case of a disaster or emergency. Coverage of such contingencies comes from insurance and from an emergency fund.
Emergency Fund
You should have a fund of three to six months (we’ll leave the number of months to your judgment) worth of living expenses to tide you over in case you lose your job or have unexpected bills. The emergency fund should be kept in an accessible account: a money market account is good for this purpose.
Life Insurance
Make sure your coverage is adequate. You should have enough coverage, should a catastrophe occur to ensure your family would continue to enjoy the same level of income it does currently.
Disability Insurance
Disability insurance is intended to replace lost income due to the occurrence of illness or accident. Consider whether you need to provide coverage for your family.
Related Guide: Please see the Financial Guides: DISABILITY INSURANCE: What To Look For and DISABILITY BENEFITS: How To Get All You’re Entitled To
Auto, Home, and Health Insurance
It’s important to make sure these types of policies provide adequate coverage. If not, an accident or other catastrophe could wipe out a large portion of your assets or cash flow and you may be unable to achieve your goals.
Related Guide: Please see the Financial Guide: HOMEOWNERS’ INSURANCE: How To Get The Best Coverage and Value
Establish How Much You’ll Need
Once you have covered your insurance and emergency fund needs, you can start working towards your financial goals.
Go back to your Goals Worksheet (above) and enter the goal in the Worksheet described below. For each goal, estimate the “Cost of the Goal,” i.e., the cost of achieving that goal. For instance, if you want to retire at age 55, estimate the nest egg you’ll need to accumulate by then. (Don’t bother accounting for inflation right now; this is just an estimate.)
Then fill in the “Amount On Hand,” i.e., the amount you have already saved for that purpose. For instance, if you have $10,000 in a mutual fund IRA, you might wish to allocate that amount to your retirement nest egg.
Next, write in the “Amount Still Needed.” Then, fill in the “Years to Target Date,” i.e., the year you want to achieve your goal. Finally, enter the “Intended Yearly Savings,” the amount you need to save each year (the “Amount Still Needed” divided by the “Years to Target Date”).
Add up the “Intended Yearly Savings,” i.e., the yearly amounts you need to save, in the extreme right-hand column. Look back at the “Savings” amount in the expense portion of your cash flow statement (above). How much are you currently saving? How does this compare with how much you need to save to meet your goals?
Most people find that the amount they are saving is inadequate.
Tip: Here are some ways that you might increase the amount you are saving each year:
Pay yourself first. Save and invest at least 10 percent of your after tax income.
If possible, earn more or spend less. Put a stop to discretionary spending.
You might also want to take another look at your goals. Perhaps they need to be modified or the target dates need to be deferred.
Put the Plan into Action
Make a savings plan. How will you save the amounts you have targeted? Will you have them deducted from your paycheck? Will you deposit them into a savings account each month?
Once you’ve accumulated a chunk of savings for each goal, you’ll need an investment strategy. For each goal, determine how much risk you are willing to take with your savings. This will depend on how much of the money you can afford to lose, how essential the goal is, and your own risk preferences.
You may have read recently about asset allocation, and wondered whether an investor such as yourself needed to worry about this concept. The answer is a resounding yes. Asset allocation–not fund or security selection, not market timing–is the most important factor in determining how much money you make on your investments. In fact, according to Nobel-Prize-winning research, asset allocation the type or class of security owned–determines 90 percent of the return. The remaining 10 percent of the return is determined by which particular stock, bond, or mutual fund you select, and when you decide to buy it. In short, asset allocation and diversification are the cornerstones of good investing.
Here, in a nutshell, are the three most important things an investor can do:
1. Establish a financial profile. Your financial profile is the translation of your goals, risk threshold, and time horizon into a graph or curve, using a computer software program. The three factors we just mentioned are plotted on a graph according to the program’s formulas.
2. Find the right mix of “asset classes” for your portfolio. The right mix of asset classes will balance each other in a way that will give the best possible return for the amount of risk you are willing to take. Using computer programs, asset allocation professionals will determine the proper mix of assets for your financial profile. Over time, the ideal allocation for you will not remain the same; it will change as your situation changes, or in response to changes in market conditions.
3. Choose investments from each class, based on performance and costs.
How Does Asset Allocation Work?
Using computerized formulas, asset allocators take down information they glean from a questionnaire you have filled out. This information gives them what they need to become familiar with your needs, constraints, and unique circumstances. The following factors should become apparent from the questionnaire.
1. Your risk threshold (how much of your capital you are willing to lose during a given time frame),
2. Your goals (whatever financial planning goals you and your family want to achieve), and
3. Your investing time horizon (mainly, your age and retirement objectives).
In addition, the professional needs to consider how wealthy you are, what your income tax bracket is, how much of your portfolio needs to be kept liquid, and how often withdrawals will be made from the portfolio.
The allocator’s goal now is to come up with the right blend of six or seven asset classes, in the right percentages, that will match your financial profile–your risk profile and time horizon.